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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">uzspbgmu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Учёные записки Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета имени академика И. П. Павлова</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-4181</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-8807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24884/1607-4181-2025-32-4-37-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">uzspbgmu-1239</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS AND LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Совершенствование фаготерапии на основе методов ненаправленной ускоренной эволюции бактериофагов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Improvement of phage therapy based on methods of non-directional accelerated evolution of bacteriophages</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4643-0030</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифонтова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nifontova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нифонтова Анна Михайловна, аспирант</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nifontova Anna M., Postgraduate Student</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-1144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горшков</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorshkov</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горшков Андрей Николаевич, кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела биотехнологии</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gorshkov Andrey N., Cand. of Sci. (Biol.), Leading Research Fellow, Department of Biotechnology</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">angorsh@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-0144</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гюлиханданова</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gyulikhandanova</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гюлиханданова Наталия Евгеньевна, зам. директора по проектной работе</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gyulikhandanova Natalia E., Deputy Director for R&amp;D</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8341-2454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шнейдер</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shneider</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шнейдер Ольга Вадимовна, кандидат медицинских наук, зав. клинико-диагностической лабораторией – врач клинической лабораторной диагностики</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shneider Olga V., Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory – Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Ddoctor</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6890-8096</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асланов</surname><given-names>Б. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aslanov</surname><given-names>B. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асланов Батырбек Исмелович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии, заведующий лабораторией молекулярной эпидемиологии и исследований бактериофагов</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17;</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., д. 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aslanov Batyrbek I., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Bacteriophage Research</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376;</p><p>47, Piskarevsky pr., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5206-6656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончаров</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гончаров Артемий Евгеньевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры эпидемиологии, паразитологии и дезинфектологии, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной эпидемиологии и исследований бактериофагов</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17;</p><p>195067, Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр., д. 47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Goncharov Artemiy E., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Disinfection, Leading Research Fellow of the Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Bacteriophage Research</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376;</p><p>47, Piskarevsky pr., Saint Petersburg, 195067</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3643-7354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиознов</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lioznov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лиознов Дмитрий Анатольевич, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, директор, Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа имени; зав. кафедрой инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии,</p><p>197376, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 15/17;</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва толстого, д. 6-8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lioznov Dmitry A., Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Director, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Head of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology</p><p>15/17, Professor Popov str., Saint-Petersburg, 197376;</p><p>6-8, L’va Tolstogo str., Saint Petersburg, 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа имени А. А. Смородинцева<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа имени А. А. Смородинцева; Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza; North-Western State Medical University named after I. I. Mechnikov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа имени А. А. Смородинцева;  Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza; Pavlov University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нифонтова А.М., Горшков А.Н., Гюлиханданова Н.Е., Шнейдер О.В., Асланов Б.И., Гончаров А.Е., Лиознов Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нифонтова А.М., Горшков А.Н., Гюлиханданова Н.Е., Шнейдер О.В., Асланов Б.И., Гончаров А.Е., Лиознов Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nifontova A.M., Gorshkov A.N., Gyulikhandanova N.E., Shneider O.V., Aslanov B.I., Goncharov A.E., Lioznov D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.sci-notes.ru/jour/article/view/1239">https://www.sci-notes.ru/jour/article/view/1239</self-uri><abstract><p>Резистентность бактерий к антимикробным препаратам – это одна из актуальных медицинских проблем, требующих срочного решения. Тяжесть протекания инфекционных заболеваний, вызванных бактериями с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, является толчком к поиску иных вариантов терапии, в частности, применению бактериофагов в качестве антимикробных агентов. Потенциально фаговая терапия может быть использована и как дополнение к антибиотикам, и в качестве замены последним. Однако выделение нативного бактериофага – это трудоемкий и продолжительный по времени процесс. Кроме того, в ходе взаимодействия бактерий и фагов развиваются механизмы бактериальной защиты, направленные на ускользание от фагового воздействия. Применение технологий ускоренной эволюции, в основе которых лежит изменение генотипов бактериофагов, может быть решением этой проблемы. Полученные таким образом вирусы могут иметь уникальные свойства, помогающие не только преодолевать бактериальные механизмы устойчивости, но и расширяющие спектр литической активности, что дает возможность их применения даже в условиях постоянной эволюции бактерий. Кроме того, новые мутации могут улучшить стабильность фагов при их хранении в виде препаратов для фаговой терапии. В целом, технологии ускоренной эволюции, включая рекомбинации по протоколу Аппельмана, химический и температурный мутагенез, модификации фагов с помощью ультрафиолетового излучения, процедуры коэволюции фагов и бактерий, представляют собой доступные и сравнительно недорогие, но при этом эффективные методы преобразования фаговых геномов для расширения возможностей применения бактериофагов в медицинской практике.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is one of the actual medical problems that require urgent solutions. The severity of the course of infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is an impetus for the search for other treatment options, in particular, the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Potentially, phage therapy can be used both as an addition to antibiotics and as a substitute for the latter. However, isolation of a native bacteriophage is a laborious and time-consuming process. In addition, during the interaction of bacteria and phages, bacterial defense mechanisms develop, aimed at evading phage exposure. The use of accelerated evolution technologies based on changing the genotypes of bacteriophages may be a solution to this problem. Viruses obtained in this way can have unique properties that help not only overcome bacterial resistance mechanisms, but also expand the range of lytic activity, which makes it possible to use them even in conditions of constant bacterial evolution. In addition, new mutations can improve the stability of phages when they are stored as drugs for phage therapy. In general, accelerated evolution technologies, including Appelman protocol recombination, chemical and thermal mutagenesis, modification of phages using ultraviolet radiation, and phage and bacterial coevolution procedures, are affordable and relatively inexpensive, but at the same time effective methods for converting phage genomes to expand the possibilities of using bacteriophages in medical practice.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фаготерапия</kwd><kwd>ускоренная эволюция</kwd><kwd>протокол Аппельмана</kwd><kwd>химический мутагенез</kwd><kwd>ненаправленная эволюция бактериофагов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phage therapy</kwd><kwd>accelerated evolution</kwd><kwd>Appelman’s protocol</kwd><kwd>chemical mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>undirected bacteriophage evolution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-15-20022, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-20022, и за счет гранта Санкт-Петербургского научного фонда № 24-15-20022.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research was carried out at the expense of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation № 24-15-20022, https://rscf.ru/project/24-15-20022, and at the expense of a grant from the Saint Petersburg Science Foundation № 24-15-20022.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance - Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. 72 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance - Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. 72 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelegrin A. 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